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<item>
  <title>Multi-Language Code Examples</title>
  <dc:creator>Zad Rafi</dc:creator>
  <link>https://lesslikely.com/statistics/code-examples.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ Examples of using Stata, Julia, and pseudocode in blog posts ]]></description>
  <category>statistics</category>
  <category>programming</category>
  <category>tutorial</category>
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  <pubDate>Tue, 06 Jan 2026 05:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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  <title>A Critical Look At The REDUCE-IT Trial</title>
  <dc:creator>Zad Rafi</dc:creator>
  <link>https://lesslikely.com/medicine/reduce-it.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ The results of the long-awaited REDUCE-IT trial are finally out in The New ]]></description>
  <category>medicine</category>
  <guid>https://lesslikely.com/medicine/reduce-it.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Tue, 06 Jan 2026 05:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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  <title>Seductive Surrogates Can Be Deadly</title>
  <dc:creator>Zad Rafi</dc:creator>
  <link>https://lesslikely.com/medicine/seductive-surrogates.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ A post explaining what surrogate markers are, why we sometimes focus on ]]></description>
  <category>medicine</category>
  <guid>https://lesslikely.com/medicine/seductive-surrogates.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Tue, 06 Jan 2026 05:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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<item>
  <title>How Did We Figure Out Smoking Causes Lung Cancer?</title>
  <dc:creator>Zad Rafi</dc:creator>
  <link>https://lesslikely.com/medicine/smoking-and-lung-cancer.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ A relatively simple way to conclude a cause and effect relationship in humans is with ]]></description>
  <category>medicine</category>
  <guid>https://lesslikely.com/medicine/smoking-and-lung-cancer.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Tue, 06 Jan 2026 05:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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<item>
  <title>The Rise, Fall, and Rise Again of Fish Oil?</title>
  <dc:creator>Zad Rafi</dc:creator>
  <link>https://lesslikely.com/medicine/vascepa-reduce-it.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ A look at fish oil's controversial evidence base and how a recently completed ]]></description>
  <category>medicine</category>
  <guid>https://lesslikely.com/medicine/vascepa-reduce-it.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Tue, 06 Jan 2026 05:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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  <title>Revisiting Eggs and Dietary Cholesterol</title>
  <dc:creator>Zad Rafi</dc:creator>
  <link>https://lesslikely.com/nutrition/revisiting-eggs.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ A look at the recent JAMA study that found an association between dietary cholesterol and cardiovascular disease incidence along with a look at the current state of research on this question. ]]></description>
  <category>nutrition</category>
  <guid>https://lesslikely.com/nutrition/revisiting-eggs.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Tue, 06 Jan 2026 05:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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  <title>Confidence, Posteriors, and the Bootstrap</title>
  <dc:creator>Zad Rafi</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Sir Panda</dc:creator>
  <link>https://lesslikely.com/statistics/bootstrap.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ This guide discusses the bootstrap resampling method and its close connection to the consonance distribution and how to use certain iterations of the bootstrap to construct a consonance distribution. ]]></description>
  <category>statistics</category>
  <guid>https://lesslikely.com/statistics/bootstrap.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Sun, 12 Jan 2025 05:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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<item>
  <title>Computing Confidence Interval Functions with cifunction</title>
  <dc:creator>Zad Rafi</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Zad R</dc:creator>
  <link>https://lesslikely.com/statistics/cifunction.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ Learn how to compute and visualize confidence interval functions (confidence curves, p-value functions) using the cifunction Stata package. Includes practical examples and implementation guide. ]]></description>
  <category>statistics</category>
  <category>stata</category>
  <category>confidence intervals</category>
  <category>data visualization</category>
  <category>statistical methods</category>
  <guid>https://lesslikely.com/statistics/cifunction.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Sat, 23 Mar 2024 04:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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<item>
  <title>Your Models Are Neither Useful Nor Approximate</title>
  <dc:creator>Zad Rafi</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Sir Panda</dc:creator>
  <link>https://lesslikely.com/statistics/assumptions.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ A discussion about models and the assumptions that underlie them. ]]></description>
  <category>statistics</category>
  <guid>https://lesslikely.com/statistics/assumptions.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2024 05:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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  <title>Using Stata: Producing Consonance Functions</title>
  <dc:creator>Zad Rafi</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Sir Panda</dc:creator>
  <link>https://lesslikely.com/statistics/stata.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ A simple guide on how to produce consonance functions in Stata. ]]></description>
  <category>statistics</category>
  <guid>https://lesslikely.com/statistics/stata.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2024 05:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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<item>
  <title>Simulation of a Two-Group Parallel-Arm RCT with Interim Analyses</title>
  <dc:creator>Zad Rafi</dc:creator>
  <link>https://lesslikely.com/statistics/interim_analyses.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ A simulation of a two-group parallel-arm randomized trial with interim analysis using the rpact package. ]]></description>
  <category>statistics</category>
  <guid>https://lesslikely.com/statistics/interim_analyses.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Mon, 01 Feb 2021 05:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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  <title>Tables, Graphs, and Computations from Rafi &amp; Greenland (2020)</title>
  <dc:creator>Zad Rafi</dc:creator>
  <link>https://lesslikely.com/statistics/RG2020BMC.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ This post goes through the R code and logic that was used to construct the figures and concepts in Rafi &amp; Greenland (2020) BMC MRM. ]]></description>
  <guid>https://lesslikely.com/statistics/RG2020BMC.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Sat, 12 Dec 2020 05:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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<item>
  <title>What Makes a Sensitivity Analysis?</title>
  <dc:creator>Zad Rafi</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Sir Panda</dc:creator>
  <link>https://lesslikely.com/statistics/sensitivity.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ Sensitivity analyses are an important part of statistical analyses, however, there are major misconceptions about what they do and what qualifies as such an analysis. ]]></description>
  <category>statistics</category>
  <guid>https://lesslikely.com/statistics/sensitivity.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Sat, 12 Dec 2020 05:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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  <title>Medicine Is Being Treated with Snake-Oil Statistics</title>
  <dc:creator>Zad Rafi</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Andrew Gelman</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Aleksi Reito</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Sander Greenland</dc:creator>
  <link>https://lesslikely.com/statistics/snakeoilstats.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ Suggested Running Head: Snake Oil Statistics Statistics has helped medicine move away from an eminence-based framework, where subject-matter experts decided what worked and what didn’t, towards an evidence-based one. Among the techniques deployed, null-hypothesis statistical testing (NHST) is the most common, where the word “null” is invariably taken by users to mean that the only… ]]></description>
  <category>statistics</category>
  <guid>https://lesslikely.com/statistics/snakeoilstats.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Wed, 11 Nov 2020 05:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
</item>
<item>
  <title>Quality Control in Statistical Analyses</title>
  <dc:creator>Zad Rafi</dc:creator>
  <link>https://lesslikely.com/statistics/statistical-quality-control.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ Experienced statisticians and data analysts are familiar with stories where a coding error has led to an entire conclusion changing, even leading to a retraction. It's the sort of stuff that keeps people up at night. ]]></description>
  <category>statistics</category>
  <guid>https://lesslikely.com/statistics/statistical-quality-control.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Sat, 13 Jun 2020 04:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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<item>
  <title>Book Review: Regression and Other Stories by Gelman, Hill, and Vehtari</title>
  <dc:creator>Zad Rafi</dc:creator>
  <link>https://lesslikely.com/statistics/regression-stories.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ An early look at Gelman et als new book, Regression and Other Stories, which is an update to their seminal 2006 book, Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel Hierarchical Models. ]]></description>
  <guid>https://lesslikely.com/statistics/regression-stories.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Tue, 11 Jun 2019 04:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <media:content url="https://res.cloudinary.com/less-likely/image/upload/f_auto,q_auto/v1587793393/Site/gelman_raos_2020.jpg" medium="image" type="image/jpeg"/>
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<item>
  <title>Book Review: Fisher, Neyman, and the Creation of Classical Statistics</title>
  <dc:creator>Zad Rafi</dc:creator>
  <link>https://lesslikely.com/statistics/classical-lehmann.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ A review of Erich Lehmann's last book, Fisher, Neyman, and the Creation of Classical Statistics. ]]></description>
  <guid>https://lesslikely.com/statistics/classical-lehmann.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Sun, 30 Dec 2018 05:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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<item>
  <title>GAMS</title>
  <dc:creator>Zad Rafi</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Sir Panda</dc:creator>
  <link>https://lesslikely.com/statistics/gams.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ Some sample scripts ]]></description>
  <category>statistics</category>
  <guid>https://lesslikely.com/statistics/gams.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Sun, 11 Nov 2018 05:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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<item>
  <title>P-values Are Tough And S-values Can Help</title>
  <dc:creator>Zad Rafi</dc:creator>
  <link>https://lesslikely.com/statistics/s-values.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ An extensive discussion about what P-values are, their properties, common interpretations, misinterpretations, and how a measure called an S-value may better help us interpret them. ]]></description>
  <category>statistics</category>
  <guid>https://lesslikely.com/statistics/s-values.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Sun, 11 Nov 2018 05:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <media:content url="https://res.cloudinary.com/less-likely/image/upload/f_auto,q_auto/v1605000180/Site/pvalueassumptions.png" medium="image" type="image/png"/>
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<item>
  <title>We May Not Understand Control Groups</title>
  <dc:creator>Zad Rafi</dc:creator>
  <link>https://lesslikely.com/statistics/control-group-effects.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ Discussions praising the efficiency of randomized trials are widespread, however, few of these discussions take a close look at some of the common assumptions that individuals hold regarding randomized trials. And unfortunately, these common assumptions may be based on outdated evidence and simplistic ideas. ]]></description>
  <guid>https://lesslikely.com/statistics/control-group-effects.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Sun, 28 Oct 2018 04:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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